A spin 1/2 state can be represented by a vector (arrow) of length one in three-dimensional space. However, this analogy is imperfect, because the quantum state has some peculiar properties that a "traditional" arrow does not have. For example, it is impossible to measure simultaneously projections of the arrow along two different axes—only one such measurement at a time is allowed in principle. What we are about to present are possible pairs of joint measurements on a spin 1/2 particle—given not only by projections, but by Positive Operator Valued Measures (POVMs)—which are allowed by
quantum mechanics.
Like a state, a two-outcome measurement on a qubit (uniquely determined by effect
) can be represented by an arrow, with two additional characteristics describing possible measurement noise (errors): the length
is the fuzziness of the measurement—the smaller the length, the more probable it is that after the measurement we declare a state to be pointing along
even when it, in fact, points in the opposite direction. The second characteristic is the so-called bias
, for which the larger the distance is from 1, the more we are biased toward declaring the state to be pointing in one of the directions given by the vector
.
Given a measurement (effect)
that measures the projection of the state along the
axis with unsharpness
and bias
, the area shaded gray shows the possible vectors
for a fixed bias
. The border of the allowed area consists of two parts: one is a part of a circle (standing for the condition on
to be an effect, a physically feasible measurement) and the other one a fourth-order curve (in the graphic, these two parts are delimited by dot-dashed lines). If there is only a circle, the measurement
is so noisy that any measurement
is allowed by quantum mechanics and the green light is on (the first special case, snapshot 2). If the yellow light is on, there exists a nontrivial restriction on possible measurements
, and it is hardest to measure in the direction perpendicular to
(the shortest possible arrow for
is along the
axis; see the third special case, snapshot 3). If the red light is on, not only is the restriction present, but it is asymmetric with respect to the
axis (the second and fourth special cases, snapshot 1 and the thumbnail).
This solution to a long-standing problem in quantum mechanics was solved in: P. Stano, D. Reitzner, and T. Heinosaari, "Coexistence of Qubit Effects,"
Phys. Rev. A 78, 012315, 2008, where the four special cases are also discussed in more detail.
Other papers that are concerned with this topic are:
P. Busch and H.-J. Schmidt, "Coexistence of Qubit Effects," arXiv:0802.4167v3, 2008.
S. Yu, N. Liu, L. Li, and C. H. Oh, "Joint Measurement of Two Unsharp Observables of a Qubit," arXiv:0805.1538v2, 2008.
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