Fortunately, the bias is small. But for large sums of money, even an error of few basis points in yield can make a large difference in nominal dollars. More importantly, the amount of the bias grows with the variation. The bias is only zero when there is no variation, a situation rendering simulation unnecessary. Conversely, when variation is great, the bias is also large, making simulation less accurate the more one needs it. The analyst is well advised to consider instead simulating the net present value, which under the right circumstances can be a linear function of cash flow, so that its simulation does not produce misleading conclusions.

This Demonstration uses a stylized set of cash flows in which intertemporal cash flows are fixed and the relationship between initial investment and the net sale proceeds can be reversed. In the equation below the IRR is the root of the equation when .

Jensen's theorem affects concave and convex functions equally (the difference in his conclusion, shown below, is the reversal of the inequality sign). The curve of the IRR changes between convex and concave based on the timing and size of the cash flows, producing an infinite number of error forms matching the infinite number of possible cash flow variations.