Waveforms and Spectrograms

The left illustrates how adding two sine waves of various amplitudes and frequencies (from 1 to 20Hz) creates complex waves (in dashed black). On the right, a spectrogram display illustrates the fact that a complex wave can be analyzed into its sinusoidal components. Observe the bands in the spectrogram as you change the frequencies of the component waves. Changing the amplitude also affects the appearance of the spectrogram—can you see how? The spectrogram plots time on the axis and frequency on the axis. Dark regions show relative energy at a given frequency. The spectrogram shows the original sinusoidal components of the created wave as horizontal bands. Fourier analysis allows any complex wave to be expressed as a combination of sinusoidal (sine and cosine) waves. The distribution of bands in the spectrogram reflects the quality of sounds that may otherwise share the same duration, loudness, and basic pitch. Differences in the timbre of instruments playing the same note and differences among vowel sounds correspond to variations in the distribution of energy across the frequency spectrum.

Fourier Analysis and Synthesis: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/audio/Fourier.html