The McCabe–Thiele graphical solution method for binary distillation is used to determine the number of equilibrium stages needed to achieve a specified separation in a distillation column. This method assumes:
1. The distillation column is adiabatic.
2. Constant molar overflow (CMO), which means that for every mole of vapor condensed, one mole is vaporized on any equilibrium stage. This results in constant
and
flow rates in the rectifying (upper) section, and constant
and
flow rates in the stripping (bottom) section. The symbols used for liquid and vapor flow rates are
(liquid flow rate in the rectifying section),
(vapor flow rate in the rectifying section),
(liquid flow rate in the stripping section) and
(vapor flow rate in the stripping section).
The constant molar overflow (CMO) assumption requires that:
2a. Specific heat of vaporization
is the same for both components and thus independent of concentration.
2b. Molar enthalpy changes (
) between stages are small compared to latent heat changes, so
.
3. Heat of mixing is negligible.
The equilibrium curve was calculated using the modified Raoult's law:
,
,
where
and
are the liquid and vapor mole fractions (
for the more volatile component,
for the less volatile component),
,
,
is total pressure and
is the saturation pressure, which is calculated using the Antoine equation:
,
where
is temperature, and
,
and
are Antoine constants.
The activity coefficients
are calculated using the two-parameter Margules model:
,
,
where
and
are the Margules parameters for a binary mixture. Typically, these are measured experimentally. In this Demonstration, Margules parameters are pseudorandom values.
1. First the feed and rectifying operating lines are calculated. In this simulation
,
where
is the feed rate. Note that for subcooled liquids,
is greater than 1 and for superheated vapors,
is less than 0. Equations for the feed line and the top and bottom operating lines are given below.
Feed line:
,
Top operating line:
,
Bottom operating line:
,
where
is the quality of the feed
,
is the mole fraction of the more volatile component in the feed,
is the liquid mole fraction of the more volatile component in the distillate, and
is the reflux ratio.
The intersection point of the top operating line, bottom operating line and feed line
can be calculated:
,
.
2. The number of stages is determined by "stair stepping" along the operating line, using the equilibrium line to determine the composition at each equilibrium stage. You can "stair step" from the bottom (reboiler stage) to the top (condenser stage) or from the top (condenser stage) to the bottom (reboiler stage). In this Demonstration, stairs are drawn from the top down.
3. The location of the feed stream is determined using the now fully specified graph. Locate the equilibrium stage that transitions from the top operating line to the bottom operating line. This is the stage where the feed stream must be put in order to get the specified distillate and bottoms compositions and flow rates.
View the screencast videos [1, 2] for a step-by-step explanation of the McCabe–Thiele method.
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![[Snapshot]](HTMLImages/index.en/thumbnail_2.gif)
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