Gravitation versus Curved Spacetime

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According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, two masses and
attract one another with a force varying as the inverse square of the distance between them:
, where
is Newton's constant of gravitation. Orbits of attracting masses, including Kepler's laws of planetary motion, can be calculated on the basis of this force law. The left-hand graphic shows some possible trajectories of a "test mass"
, with
around a stationary mass
. The trajectories, shown as red curves, depend on the central mass
and the energy
of the test mass. When the test mass moves more slowly than the escape velocity, it spirals into the center. At higher energies, a stable orbit becomes possible in a progression of conic sections: circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola. (Hyperbolic orbits are not included here.)
Contributed by: S. M. Blinder (March 2011)
Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA
Snapshots
Details
Snapshot 1: suborbital spiral
Snapshot 2: circular orbit
Snapshot 3: parabolic orbit
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