Particle in a Box: Probability Density and Positional Variance

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The square of the absolute value of the Schrödinger wavefunction equals the probability density of finding a particle at any point in a box. It is relatively straightforward to show that for all values of , the average or expectation value of the position of the particle will be at the exact midpoint of the box (, where is the length of the box) [1]. The variance, however, increases with increasing quantum number, to a limiting value of . This Demonstration plots the probability density (in blue) and a normal distribution (in yellow) with mean and variance to represent the change in the variance with increasing .

Contributed by: Daniel Barr (December 2020)
Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA


Snapshots


Details

The variance is , where the expectation values and are obtained from and , respectively, where is the length of the box. The (normalized) probability function for the one-dimensional particle in a box is given by [1]:

.

Reference

[1] D. A. McQuarrie and J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, 1997.



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