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Ikeda Delay Differential Equation


	This Demonstration shows solutions of the Ikeda delay differential equation, , a very simple equation with complex chaotic dynamics.


	Contributed by: Rob Knapp

A form of the equation was first proposed to model an optical bistable resonator system [1]. The route to chaos as

increases to

is described in [2]. For larger values of

the solutions look and behave statistically like Brownian motion.

Snapshot 1: just above the value

, where the stable quilibrium changes from a node to a focus

Snapshot 2: just above the value

, at which there is a Hopf bifurcation and the appearance of a limit cycle

Snapshot 3: just above the value

, at which a pitchfork bifurcation occurs, leading to two coexisting limit cycles

Snapshot 4: the other limit cycle for the same value of

; the initial condition is very close to that of snapshot 3

Snapshot 5: just above the value

, at which a period doubling occurs

Snapshot 6: just above the value

, where chaos first occurs; note how the solution looks much like Brownian motion

Snapshot 7: just above the value

where a periodic window appears

[1] K. Ikeda and K. Matsumoto, "High-Dimensional Chaotic Behavior in Systems with Time-Delayed Feedback," Physica D, 29, 1987 p. 223.

[2] J. C. Sprott, "A Simple Chaotic Delay Differential Equation," Physics Letters A, 366, 2007 pp. 397–402.

Contributed by: Rob Knapp

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