2D and 3D Packard-Takens Autocorrelation Plots of Sinusoidal Functions

Snapshot 1: three-term sinusoidal function and its 2D autocorrelation plot with lag 10 and unconnected points

Snapshot 2: two-term sinusoidal function and its 2D autocorrelation plot with lag 6 and connected points

Snapshot 3: three-term sinusoidal function and its 3D autocorrelation plot with lags 6 and 7 and unconnected points

When a time series has underlying periodicities, a plot of versus frequently yields an aesthetically appealing curve. The same is true for a three-dimensional display of versus and .

This Demonstration generates three-term sinusoidal functions and their corresponding Packard–Takens autocorrelation plots in two and three dimensions. You select the number of points to be generated, the function's underlying amplitudes, 's, and frequencies, 's, the lag for the 2D display and the two lags for the 3D display. An additional option is available to connect the points in the 2D display. The program then plots the selected sinusoidal function and the corresponding autocorrelation in the chosen display type.

For functions having two sinusoidal terms, set either or both the 's or 's to zero. For functions having only one sinusoidal term, set two 's and/or 's to zero.

Notice that the 3D display may be viewed from different angles by clicking on the image and rotating it with the mouse. Tip: when searching for interesting autocorrelation patterns it is advisable to use a "number of points" setting that is low enough to maintain slider control responsiveness. The default setting of 250 or less is recommended. Once a pattern of interest has been found, the number of points may be increased and the points connected to reveal the pattern in more detail.

Reference: I. Stewart, Does God Play Dice?: The Mathematics of Chaos, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1989.