Consider two tanks in series; the dynamic behavior of their heights is governed by the ODEs:
,
,
where
is the height of tank
in meters,
(set to 1 here) is the area of each tank in
,
is the inlet flow rate (the manipulated variable) into the first tank, and
and
are the outlet flow rates (expressed in
) from the first and second tank, respectively. The initial height of the liquid in each tank is assumed to be 0.25 meters.
The flow equation is given by
where
or
and
is the valve constant expressed in
). It is assumed that
and
.
The setpoint for the height of the liquid (the process variable) in the second tank is chosen to be 3 meters.
The inlet flow rate is varied in order to achieve the desired setpoint value using P, PI, or PID (proportional–integral–derivative) control:
, where
is the error,
is the proportional gain, and
and
are the integral and differential time constants, respectively.
For very large
and
, one recovers the usual proportional control, which is usually characterized by a small offset value (i.e., the final steady state height is not exactly equal to the setpoint value).
PI control is achieved when
is taken equal to zero. PI control can show an overshoot and dumped oscillations around the setpoint. No offset is observed and the final steady state tank height is equal exactly to the setpoint value.
The most general case is when
and
is not too large; one gets PID control of the second tank's height.
The Demonstration plots the height of both tanks as a function of time; the blue curve displays
and the magenta curve represents
.
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